Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Original Articles

Annual Fluctuation in Chigger Mite Populations and Orientia Tsutsugamushi Infections in Scrub Typhus Endemic Regions of South Korea: Seong Yoon Kim, Byoungchul Gill, Bong Gu Song, Hyuk Chu, Won Il Park, Hee Il Lee, E-hyun Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong Yul Roh; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2019;10(6):351-358. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.6.05

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Objectives

Chigger mites are vectors for scrub typhus. This study evaluated the annual fluctuations in chigger mite populations and Orientia tsutsugamushi infections in South Korea.

Methods

During 2006 and 2007, chigger mites were collected monthly from wild rodents in 4 scrub typhus endemic regions of South Korea. The chigger mites were classified based on morphological characteristics, and analyzed using nested PCR for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Results

During the surveillance period, the overall trapping rate for wild rodents was 10.8%. In total, 17,457 chigger mites (representing 5 genera and 15 species) were collected, and the average chigger index (representing the number of chigger mites per rodent), was 31.7. The monthly chigger index was consistently high (> 30) in Spring (March to April) and Autumn (October to November). The mite species included Leptotrombidium pallidum (43.5%), L. orientale (18.9%), L. scutellare (18.1%), L. palpale (10.6%), and L. zetum (3.6%). L. scutellare and L. palpale populations, were relatively higher in Autumn. Monthly O. tsutsugamushi infection rates in wild rodents (average: 4.8%) and chigger mites (average: 0.7%) peaked in Spring and Autumn.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrated a bimodal pattern of the incidence of O. tsutsugamushi infections. Higher infection rates were observed in both wild rodents and chigger mites, in Spring and Autumn. However, this did not reflect the unimodal incidence of scrub typhus in Autumn. Further studies are needed to identify factors, such as human behavior and harvesting in Autumn that may explain this discordance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Eco-epidemiology of rodent-associated trombiculid mites and infection with Orientia spp. in Southern Chile
María Carolina Silva de la Fuente, Caricia Pérez, Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito, Ruth Pérez, Cecilia Vial, Alexandr Stekolnikov, Katia Abarca, Thomas Weitzel, Gerardo Acosta-Jamett, Jessica N. Ricaldi
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(1): e0011051. CrossRef
Comparison of Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae, Leeuwenhoekiidae) on Two Sibling Mouse Species, Apodemus draco and A. ilex (Rodentia: Muridae), in Southwest China
Yu Guo, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Dao-Chao Jin
Animals.2023; 13(9): 1480. CrossRef
Epidemiological characteristics of cases with scrub typhus and their correlation with chigger mite occurrence (2019–2021): A focus on case occupation and activity locations
Se‐Jin Jeong, Jin‐Hwan Jeon, Kyung won Hwang
Entomological Research.2023; 53(7): 247. CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
Infestation and distribution of chiggers on the Anderson's white‐bellied rats in southwest China
Yu Guo, Xian‐Guo Guo, Pei‐Ying Peng, Yan Lv, Rong Xiang, Wen‐Yu Song, Xiao‐Bin Huang
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(6): 2920. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Genotypic Characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Febrile Pediatric Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital of Chennai, South India
Rajagopal Murali, Sivasambo Kalpana, Panneerselvam Satheeshkumar, Prabu Dhandapani
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2023; 17(4): 2232. CrossRef
Infestation and seasonal fluctuation of chigger mites on the Southeast Asian house rat (Rattus brunneusculus) in southern Yunnan Province, China
Yan Lv, Xianguo Guo, Daochao Jin, Wenyu Song, Peiying Peng, Hao Lin, Rong Fan, Chengfu Zhao, Zhiwei Zhang, Keyu Mao, Tijun Qian, Wenge Dong, Zhihua Yang
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites .2021; 14: 141. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef

Lon Mutant of Brucella abortus Induces Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Murine J774.A1 Macrophage: Sungdo Park, Young-Sill Choi, Sang-Hee Park, Young-Rok Kim, Hyuk Chu, Kyu-Jam Hwang, Mi-Yeoun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(6):301-307. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.10.002

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to isolate a Brucella lon mutant and to analyze the cytokine response of B. lon mutant during macrophage infection.
Methods
A wild-type Brucella abortus strain was mutagenized by Tn5 transposition. From the mouse macrophage J774.A1 cells, total RNA was isolated at 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after infection with Brucella. Using mouse cytokine microarrays, we measured transcriptional levels of the cytokine response, and validated our results with a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to confirm the induction of cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA).
Results
In host J774.A1 macrophages, mRNA levels of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-3, were significantly higher in the lon mutant compared to wild-type Brucella and the negative control. TNF-α levels in cell culture media were induced as high as 2 μg/mL after infection with the lon mutant, a greater than sixfold change.
Conclusion
In order to understand the role of the lon protein in virulence, we identified and characterized a novel B. lon mutant. We compared the immune response it generates to the wild-type Brucella response in a mouse macrophage cell line. We demonstrated that the B. lon mutants induce TNF-α expression from the host J774.A1 macrophage.

Citations

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Structure, Substrate Specificity and Role of Lon Protease in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Survival
Perumalraja Kirthika, Khristine Kaith Sison Lloren, Vijayakumar Jawalagatti, John Hwa Lee
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3422. CrossRef
ClpP protease modulates bacterial growth, stress response, and bacterial virulence in Brucella abortus
Dongjie Sun, Yufu Liu, Xiaowei Peng, Hao Dong, Hui Jiang, Xuezheng Fan, Yu Feng, Jiali Sun, Kun Han, Qiang Gao, Jianrui Niu, Jiabo Ding
Veterinary Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Brucella abortus Encodes an Active Rhomboid Protease: Proteome Response after Rhomboid Gene Deletion
María Inés Marchesini, Ansgar Poetsch, Leticia Soledad Guidolín, Diego J. Comerci
Microorganisms.2022; 10(1): 114. CrossRef
Proteomics of Brucella
Ansgar Poetsch, María Inés Marchesini
Proteomes.2020; 8(2): 8. CrossRef
Outer Membrane Vesicles From Brucella melitensis Modulate Immune Response and Induce Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón, Olín Medina-Chávez, Leopoldo Flores-Romo, José Manuel Hernández-Hernández, Luis Donis-Maturano, Ahidé López-Merino, Beatriz Arellano-Reynoso, Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola, Enrico A. Ruiz, Zulema Gomez-Lunar, Sharon Witonsky,
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
RNA-seq reveals the critical role of Lon protease in stress response and Brucella virulence
Yufu Liu, Hao Dong, Xiaowei Peng, Qiang Gao, Hui Jiang, Guanlong Xu, Yuming Qin, Jianrui Niu, Shijing Sun, Peng Li, Jiabo Ding, Ruiai Chen
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 130: 112. CrossRef
Brucella Downregulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α to Promote Intracellular Survival via Omp25 Regulation of Different MicroRNAs in Porcine and Murine Macrophages
Xiaomao Luo, Xiujuan Zhang, Xingchen Wu, Xuefeng Yang, Cong Han, Zhengyu Wang, Qian Du, Xiaomin Zhao, Shan-Lu Liu, Dewen Tong, Yong Huang
Frontiers in Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Evaluation and Selection of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Primers for Genotyping Brucella abortus Biovar 1 Isolated from Human Patients: Subok Lee, Kyu-Jam Hwang, Mi-Yeoun Park, Seon-Do Hwang, Hee-Youl Chai, Hyuk Chu, Sang-Hee Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(5):265-270. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.09.005

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Brucellosis is the most common bacterial zoonosis in the world. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) is a molecular method for genotyping bacterial species. Brucella abortus biovar I was isolated from most of the brucellosis-suspected patients in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the ability of various MLVA primers that are used for molecular typing B. abortus isolates and for analyzing their epidemiological data.
Methods
A total of 80 human isolates of B. abortus biovar I isolated from human patients and the reference strain were used for MLVA. Genetic diversity was determined by calculating the Simpson's diversity index (DI) of each VNTR locus. The Brucella strains were subcultured 30 times to determine the stability of each locus. The DNA of the strains cultivated in each passage was extracted and subjected to MLVA for further investigation.
Results
The 15 VNTR loci were selected based on high DI values. The DIs of the 15 VNTR loci showed considerable discrimination power ranging from 59% for Bruce 43 to 87% for Bruce 22. Bruce 09, Bruce 11, Bruce 16, Bruce 42, and Bruce 43 were confirmed to remain stable in vitro among the 15 VNTR loci selected.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that the five loci subsets may be a useful epidemiological tool for investigating B. abortus biovar 1 outbreak.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Brucella abortus: Current Research and Future Trends
Tariq Jamil, Falk Melzer, John Njeru, Hosny El-Adawy, Heinrich Neubauer, Gamal Wareth
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports.2017; 4(1): 1. CrossRef

Epidemiological Characteristics of Serologically Confirmed Q Fever Cases in South Korea, 2006–2011: Wooseok Kwak, Hyuk Chu, Seondo Hwang, Ji-Hyuk Park, Kyu Jam Hwang, Jin Gwack, Young-Sil Choi, Seung-Ki Youn, Mi-Yeoun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(1):34-38. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.12.006

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Q fever has been reported worldwide; however, there was almost no official report of Q fever in Korea. In this study, we describe the current status of human Q fever occurrence in Korea.
Methods
Demographic data of Q fever patients were collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from 2006 to 2011. Case investigation reports from regional public health departments were used for additional information, like risk factors and clinical manifestation, of the patients since 2008.
Results
There were 65 serologically confirmed cases during the study period. The annual notification rate of Q fever was 0.22 cases per million persons. The majority of cases were men (87.7%), adults (98.5%), and urban inhabitants (67.7%). Relevant exposures to risk factors were identified in 45.7% of patients. The most common symptoms of acute Q fever were fever (89.3%), myalgia (67.9%) and asthenia (53.6%). Two cases with endocarditis were identified in chronic Q fever.
Conclusion
This study suggests that Q fever has a low endemicity in Korea. However, management and research at national level is required for prevention of a future epidemic.

Citations

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BMC Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii and Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from migratory birds in the Republic of Korea
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Q fever in Greece: Findings of a 13 years surveillance study
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BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Status of Tick-Borne Diseases in South Korea
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Diagnostic usefulness of molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii from blood of patients with suspected acute Q fever
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Clinical characteristics of acute Q fever patients in South Korea and time from symptom onset to serologic diagnosis
Jung Yeon Heo, Young Wha Choi, Eun Jin Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Seung Kwan Lim, Seon Do Hwang, Ju Young Lee, Hye Won Jeong
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Article

Application of the Microagglutination Test for Serologic Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis: Sang-Hee Park, Yoo-Hoon Lee, Hyuk Chu, Seon-Do Hwang, Kyu-Jam Hwang, Hee-Yeol Choi, Mi-Yeoun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012;3(1):19-23. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.01.003

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses in the world, and occurs mainly in farmers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians via direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their products. The clinical symptoms of human brucellosis are nonspecific, such as fever, headache, chills, and sweating. Diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis requires laboratory tests. Although the serum tube agglutination test (SAT) is the standardized gold method, it is laborious, time consuming, and requires a number of reagents. A microagglutination test (MAT) variant of the SAT or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is recommended for serological diagnoses. For the simple and rapid diagnosis of brucellosis, the MAT was standardized using samples for the SAT to define positive and negative categories, and we then compared the sensitivity and specificity of the MAT and ELISA.
Methods
Thirty SAT-positive sera and 60 SAT-negative sera were used in this study. Antibody titers of ≥1:160 were considered positive readings in both the SAT and MAT. Brucella abortus antigens and Brucella-positive control antiserum were used in the SAT and MAT. ELISAs of IgM and IgG were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions.
Results
The titers of the MAT differed according to antigen concentration. The optimal concentration of B abortus antigen was determined to compare the sensitivity and specificity between the MAT and SAT. The sensitivity and specificity of the MAT were 93.3% and 96.7%, respectively, for IgG with reference to ELISA, and 96.7% and 98.3%, respectively, for IgM.
Conclusions
The optimal concentration of antigen for the MAT was 1:10. The MAT is less time consuming and requires less antigen and serum than the SAT. The results of the MAT showed good agreement with those of ELISA. The results of this study suggest that the MAT could be useful for diagnosis of brucellosis.

Citations

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The Development of Diagnostic and Vaccine Strategies for Early Detection and Control of Human Brucellosis, Particularly in Endemic Areas
Ayman Elbehiry, Musaad Aldubaib, Eman Marzouk, Adil Abalkhail, Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini, Mohammed Rawway, Ali Alghamdi, Abdullah Alqarni, Mohammed Aldawsari, Abdelmaged Draz
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Ahmed M. Sallam, Ibrahim Abou-souliman, Henry Reyer, Klaus Wimmers, Alaa Emara Rabee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Bovine brucellosis – a comprehensive review
Sandip Kumar Khurana, Anju Sehrawat, Ruchi Tiwari, Minakshi Prasad, Baldev Gulati, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Rajesh Chhabra, Kumaragurubaran Karthik, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Kuldeep Dhama, Ranjit Sah, Wanpe
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Giovanni Di Bonaventura, Silvia Angeletti, Andrea Ianni, Tommasangelo Petitti, Giovanni Gherardi
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Peifeng Liang, Yuan Zhao, Jianhua Zhao, Dongfeng Pan, Zhongqin Guo
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Soumaya Rammeh, Emna Romdhane, Hend Riahi, Meriem Ksentini, Mouna Chelli Bouaziz, Rahma Ayadi, Aida Berriche, Yosra Chebbi, Mohamed Fethi Ladeb
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Seroreactivity and Risk Factors Associated with Human Brucellosis among Cattle Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea
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Evaluation and Selection of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Primers for Genotyping Brucella abortus Biovar 1 Isolated from Human Patients
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Original Article

Serological Detection of Lyme Borreliosis Agents in Patients From Korea, 2005–2009: Sang-Hee Park, Kyu-Jam Hwang, Hyuk Chu, Mi-Yeoun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2011;2(1):29-33. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.04.004

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Laboratory tests are now being used to identify seropositive cases in patients suspected of having a Lyme borreliosis (LB) infection. From 2005 to 2009, we analyzed the serological and epidemiological characteristics of 53 LB positive cases in Korea using immunoblot assay.
Methods
During the five-year study period, a total of 1897 serum samples from suspected LB cases were referred to us for further laboratory diagnosis. The bacterial strains Borrelia afzeli pKo, Borrelia garinii 935T and Borrelia burgdorferi B31 were used for indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay. Immunoblot assay was performed using the recomBlot Borrelia.
Results
Based on the information from the clinicians, the main symptoms of LB infection were rash and fever (66.0%), neurological symptoms (30.2%), and arthritis (5.7%). Of the 53 cases, 16 (30.2%) were infected abroad and the remaining 37 cases (69.8%) were suspected to have been infected in Korea. Immunoblot assays detected high levels of the antigens p41 (FlaB) of B. burgdorferi and OspC of B. garinii in infected samples.
Conclusions
The causative bacteria of LB were not isolated from humans yet but from vector ticks and rodents in Korea, and a few cases were reported with serological diagnosis. Our results suggest that LB is present in all areas of Korea and indicate that B. garinii and B. burgdorferi may be the predominant bacteria in patients with LB. However, further studies are needed to isolate and identify the causative bacteria for LB in patients.

Citations

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Surveillance and Molecular Identification ofBorreliaSpecies in Ticks Collected at U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea, 2018–2019
Seung-Ho Lee, Sung-Tae Chong, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Kyungmin Park, Jingyeong Lee, Jeong-Ah Kim, Won-Keun Kim, Jin-Won Song, Sarah Hamer
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(1): 363. CrossRef
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International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(6): 2933. CrossRef
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